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All 330 structures
The complete contents of the 3D model as an ordinary list. It works without 3D graphics or JavaScript. Each entry links to the same structure in the explorer.
Skeletal
The bony framework of the body. It supports and protects soft tissues, anchors muscles and, together with the joints, makes movement possible.
In this model: Individual bones of the skull, vertebral column (C1 to L5 and the sacrum), thoracic cage, shoulder and pelvic girdles, and both limbs down to the phalanges, plus costal cartilages and intervertebral discs. The coccyx and the middle-ear bones are not in the source data.
Further reading: 7.1 Divisions of the Skeletal System (opens in a new tab), 6.2 Bone Classification (opens in a new tab)
Skull (23)
Cranial bones enclose the brain; facial bones form the face, orbits, nasal cavity and jaws. The hyoid bone sits in the neck below the mandible and does not articulate with any other bone.
- Right parietal bone
- A paired cranial bone forming much of the upper sides and roof of the cranium. Source: 7.2 The Skull (opens in a new tab)
- Left parietal bone
- A paired cranial bone forming much of the upper sides and roof of the cranium. Source: 7.2 The Skull (opens in a new tab)
- Frontal bone
- Forms the forehead and the roofs of the orbits. One of the eight cranial bones. Source: 7.2 The Skull (opens in a new tab)
- Occipital bone
- Forms the back and base of the cranium. The foramen magnum, through which the brainstem continues as the spinal cord, passes through it. Source: 7.2 The Skull (opens in a new tab)
- Left nasal bone
- A small paired facial bone forming the bridge of the nose. Source: 7.2 The Skull (opens in a new tab)
- Right nasal bone
- A small paired facial bone forming the bridge of the nose. Source: 7.2 The Skull (opens in a new tab)
- Ethmoid
- A single cranial bone between the orbits that contributes to the nasal septum and the walls of the nasal cavity. Source: 7.2 The Skull (opens in a new tab)
- Sphenoid bone
- A single, complex cranial bone at the centre of the skull base that contacts most other skull bones. Source: 7.2 The Skull (opens in a new tab)
- Right temporal bone
- A paired cranial bone on the side of the skull. It houses the structures of the middle and inner ear. Source: 7.2 The Skull (opens in a new tab)
- Left temporal bone
- A paired cranial bone on the side of the skull. It houses the structures of the middle and inner ear. Source: 7.2 The Skull (opens in a new tab)
- Right lacrimal bone
- Bone of the skull, right side. Part of the axial skeleton.
- Left lacrimal bone
- Bone of the skull, left side. Part of the axial skeleton.
- Right zygomatic bone
- The cheekbone; a paired facial bone forming the prominence of the cheek and part of the orbit. Source: 7.2 The Skull (opens in a new tab)
- Left zygomatic bone
- The cheekbone; a paired facial bone forming the prominence of the cheek and part of the orbit. Source: 7.2 The Skull (opens in a new tab)
- Left maxilla
- A paired facial bone forming the upper jaw, part of the hard palate and the floor of each orbit. It holds the upper teeth. Source: 7.2 The Skull (opens in a new tab)
- Right maxilla
- A paired facial bone forming the upper jaw, part of the hard palate and the floor of each orbit. It holds the upper teeth. Source: 7.2 The Skull (opens in a new tab)
- Vomer
- A single facial bone forming the lower part of the bony nasal septum. Source: 7.2 The Skull (opens in a new tab)
- Right palatine bone
- Bone of the skull, right side. Part of the axial skeleton.
- Right inferior nasal concha
- Bone of the skull, right side. Part of the axial skeleton.
- Left inferior nasal concha
- Bone of the skull, left side. Part of the axial skeleton.
- Left palatine bone
- Bone of the skull, left side. Part of the axial skeleton.
- Mandible
- The lower jaw. It holds the lower teeth and is the only skull bone that moves freely, at the temporomandibular joints. Source: 7.2 The Skull (opens in a new tab)
- Hyoid bone
- A U-shaped bone in the upper neck that anchors muscles of the tongue and larynx. It does not articulate with any other bone. Source: 7.2 The Skull (opens in a new tab)
Vertebral column (48)
A stack of vertebrae separated by intervertebral discs, protecting the spinal cord and supporting the head and trunk.
- Atlas
- The first cervical vertebra (C1). It supports the skull and has no vertebral body; the joint between it and the occipital bone allows nodding. Source: 7.3 The Vertebral Column (opens in a new tab)
- Axis
- The second cervical vertebra (C2). Its upward projection, the dens, acts as a pivot around which the atlas and head rotate. Source: 7.3 The Vertebral Column (opens in a new tab)
- Intervertebral disk of axis
- Intervertebral disc: a pad of fibrocartilage between two vertebral bodies. The source names each disc after the vertebra above it.
- Third cervical vertebra
- Bone of the vertebral column. Part of the axial skeleton.
- Intervertebral disk of third cervical vertebra
- Intervertebral disc: a pad of fibrocartilage between two vertebral bodies. The source names each disc after the vertebra above it.
- Fourth cervical vertebra
- Bone of the vertebral column. Part of the axial skeleton.
- Intervertebral disk of fourth cervical vertebra
- Intervertebral disc: a pad of fibrocartilage between two vertebral bodies. The source names each disc after the vertebra above it.
- Fifth cervical vertebra
- Bone of the vertebral column. Part of the axial skeleton.
- Intervertebral disk of fifth cervical vertebra
- Intervertebral disc: a pad of fibrocartilage between two vertebral bodies. The source names each disc after the vertebra above it.
- Sixth cervical vertebra
- Bone of the vertebral column. Part of the axial skeleton.
- Intervertebral disk of sixth cervical vertebra
- Intervertebral disc: a pad of fibrocartilage between two vertebral bodies. The source names each disc after the vertebra above it.
- Seventh cervical vertebra
- Bone of the vertebral column. Part of the axial skeleton.
- Intervertebral disk of seventh cervical vertebra
- Intervertebral disc: a pad of fibrocartilage between two vertebral bodies. The source names each disc after the vertebra above it.
- First thoracic vertebra
- Bone of the vertebral column. Part of the axial skeleton.
- Intervertebral disk of first thoracic vertebra
- Intervertebral disc: a pad of fibrocartilage between two vertebral bodies. The source names each disc after the vertebra above it.
- Second thoracic vertebra
- Bone of the vertebral column. Part of the axial skeleton.
- Intervertebral disk of second thoracic vertebra
- Intervertebral disc: a pad of fibrocartilage between two vertebral bodies. The source names each disc after the vertebra above it.
- Third thoracic vertebra
- Bone of the vertebral column. Part of the axial skeleton.
- Intervertebral disk of third thoracic vertebra
- Intervertebral disc: a pad of fibrocartilage between two vertebral bodies. The source names each disc after the vertebra above it.
- Fourth thoracic vertebra
- Bone of the vertebral column. Part of the axial skeleton.
- Intervertebral disk of fourth thoracic vertebra
- Intervertebral disc: a pad of fibrocartilage between two vertebral bodies. The source names each disc after the vertebra above it.
- Fifth thoracic vertebra
- Bone of the vertebral column. Part of the axial skeleton.
- Intervertebral disk of fifth thoracic vertebra
- Intervertebral disc: a pad of fibrocartilage between two vertebral bodies. The source names each disc after the vertebra above it.
- Sixth thoracic vertebra
- Bone of the vertebral column. Part of the axial skeleton.
- Intervertebral disk of sixth thoracic vertebra
- Intervertebral disc: a pad of fibrocartilage between two vertebral bodies. The source names each disc after the vertebra above it.
- Seventh thoracic vertebra
- Bone of the vertebral column. Part of the axial skeleton.
- Intervertebral disk of seventh thoracic vertebra
- Intervertebral disc: a pad of fibrocartilage between two vertebral bodies. The source names each disc after the vertebra above it.
- Eighth thoracic vertebra
- Bone of the vertebral column. Part of the axial skeleton.
- Intervertebral disk of eighth thoracic vertebra
- Intervertebral disc: a pad of fibrocartilage between two vertebral bodies. The source names each disc after the vertebra above it.
- Ninth thoracic vertebra
- Bone of the vertebral column. Part of the axial skeleton.
- Intervertebral disk of ninth thoracic vertebra
- Intervertebral disc: a pad of fibrocartilage between two vertebral bodies. The source names each disc after the vertebra above it.
- Tenth thoracic vertebra
- Bone of the vertebral column. Part of the axial skeleton.
- Intervertebral disk of tenth thoracic vertebra
- Intervertebral disc: a pad of fibrocartilage between two vertebral bodies. The source names each disc after the vertebra above it.
- Eleventh thoracic vertebra
- Bone of the vertebral column. Part of the axial skeleton.
- Intervertebral disk of eleventh thoracic vertebra
- Intervertebral disc: a pad of fibrocartilage between two vertebral bodies. The source names each disc after the vertebra above it.
- Twelfth thoracic vertebra
- Bone of the vertebral column. Part of the axial skeleton.
- Intervertebral disk of twelfth thoracic vertebra
- Intervertebral disc: a pad of fibrocartilage between two vertebral bodies. The source names each disc after the vertebra above it.
- First lumbar vertebra
- Bone of the vertebral column. Part of the axial skeleton.
- Intervertebral disk of first lumbar vertebra
- Intervertebral disc: a pad of fibrocartilage between two vertebral bodies. The source names each disc after the vertebra above it.
- Second lumbar vertebra
- Bone of the vertebral column. Part of the axial skeleton.
- Intervertebral disk of second lumbar vertebra
- Intervertebral disc: a pad of fibrocartilage between two vertebral bodies. The source names each disc after the vertebra above it.
- Third lumbar vertebra
- Bone of the vertebral column. Part of the axial skeleton.
- Intervertebral disk of third lumbar vertebra
- Intervertebral disc: a pad of fibrocartilage between two vertebral bodies. The source names each disc after the vertebra above it.
- Fourth lumbar vertebra
- Bone of the vertebral column. Part of the axial skeleton.
- Intervertebral disk of fourth lumbar vertebra
- Intervertebral disc: a pad of fibrocartilage between two vertebral bodies. The source names each disc after the vertebra above it.
- Fifth lumbar vertebra
- Bone of the vertebral column. Part of the axial skeleton.
- Intervertebral disk of fifth lumbar vertebra
- Intervertebral disc: a pad of fibrocartilage between two vertebral bodies. The source names each disc after the vertebra above it.
- Sacrum
- A triangular bone formed by fused sacral vertebrae. It joins the two hip bones at the sacroiliac joints. Source: 8.3 The Pelvic Girdle and Pelvis (opens in a new tab)
Thoracic cage (43)
The ribs, sternum and costal cartilages, which protect the heart and lungs and move during breathing.
- Left first rib
- The shortest and most curved rib; a true rib attached to the manubrium by its own costal cartilage. Source: 7.4 The Thoracic Cage (opens in a new tab)
- Right first rib
- The shortest and most curved rib; a true rib attached to the manubrium by its own costal cartilage. Source: 7.4 The Thoracic Cage (opens in a new tab)
- Left second rib
- Bone of the thoracic cage, left side. Part of the axial skeleton.
- Right second rib
- Bone of the thoracic cage, right side. Part of the axial skeleton.
- Left first costal cartilage
- Costal cartilage of the thoracic cage, left side. Costal cartilages connect ribs to the sternum or to the cartilage above.
- Right first costal cartilage
- Costal cartilage of the thoracic cage, right side. Costal cartilages connect ribs to the sternum or to the cartilage above.
- Manubrium
- The upper part of the sternum. The clavicles and the first pair of ribs attach to it. Source: 7.4 The Thoracic Cage (opens in a new tab)
- Left third rib
- Bone of the thoracic cage, left side. Part of the axial skeleton.
- Right third rib
- Bone of the thoracic cage, right side. Part of the axial skeleton.
- Left second costal cartilage
- Costal cartilage of the thoracic cage, left side. Costal cartilages connect ribs to the sternum or to the cartilage above.
- Right second costal cartilage
- Costal cartilage of the thoracic cage, right side. Costal cartilages connect ribs to the sternum or to the cartilage above.
- Right fourth rib
- Bone of the thoracic cage, right side. Part of the axial skeleton.
- Left fourth rib
- Bone of the thoracic cage, left side. Part of the axial skeleton.
- Left third costal cartilage
- Costal cartilage of the thoracic cage, left side. Costal cartilages connect ribs to the sternum or to the cartilage above.
- Right third costal cartilage
- Costal cartilage of the thoracic cage, right side. Costal cartilages connect ribs to the sternum or to the cartilage above.
- Left fifth rib
- Bone of the thoracic cage, left side. Part of the axial skeleton.
- Right fifth rib
- Bone of the thoracic cage, right side. Part of the axial skeleton.
- Body of sternum
- The long central part of the sternum, to which the costal cartilages of several ribs attach. Source: 7.4 The Thoracic Cage (opens in a new tab)
- Left fourth costal cartilage
- Costal cartilage of the thoracic cage, left side. Costal cartilages connect ribs to the sternum or to the cartilage above.
- Right fourth costal cartilage
- Costal cartilage of the thoracic cage, right side. Costal cartilages connect ribs to the sternum or to the cartilage above.
- Left sixth rib
- Bone of the thoracic cage, left side. Part of the axial skeleton.
- Right sixth rib
- Bone of the thoracic cage, right side. Part of the axial skeleton.
- Left fifth costal cartilage
- Costal cartilage of the thoracic cage, left side. Costal cartilages connect ribs to the sternum or to the cartilage above.
- Right fifth costal cartilage
- Costal cartilage of the thoracic cage, right side. Costal cartilages connect ribs to the sternum or to the cartilage above.
- Right seventh rib
- Bone of the thoracic cage, right side. Part of the axial skeleton.
- Left seventh rib
- Bone of the thoracic cage, left side. Part of the axial skeleton.
- Left sixth costal cartilage
- Costal cartilage of the thoracic cage, left side. Costal cartilages connect ribs to the sternum or to the cartilage above.
- Right sixth costal cartilage
- Costal cartilage of the thoracic cage, right side. Costal cartilages connect ribs to the sternum or to the cartilage above.
- Xiphoid process
- The small lower tip of the sternum, which is cartilaginous early in life and ossifies later. Source: 7.4 The Thoracic Cage (opens in a new tab)
- Left eighth rib
- Bone of the thoracic cage, left side. Part of the axial skeleton.
- Right eighth rib
- Bone of the thoracic cage, right side. Part of the axial skeleton.
- Right seventh costal cartilage
- Costal cartilage of the thoracic cage, right side. Costal cartilages connect ribs to the sternum or to the cartilage above.
- Left seventh costal cartilage
- Costal cartilage of the thoracic cage, left side. Costal cartilages connect ribs to the sternum or to the cartilage above.
- Left ninth rib
- Bone of the thoracic cage, left side. Part of the axial skeleton.
- Right ninth rib
- Bone of the thoracic cage, right side. Part of the axial skeleton.
- Left tenth rib
- Bone of the thoracic cage, left side. Part of the axial skeleton.
- Right tenth rib
- Bone of the thoracic cage, right side. Part of the axial skeleton.
- Left eleventh rib
- A floating rib: it has no anterior attachment to the sternum or to other costal cartilages. Source: 7.4 The Thoracic Cage (opens in a new tab)
- Right eleventh rib
- A floating rib: it has no anterior attachment to the sternum or to other costal cartilages. Source: 7.4 The Thoracic Cage (opens in a new tab)
- Right costal cartilage
- Costal cartilage of the thoracic cage, right side. Costal cartilages connect ribs to the sternum or to the cartilage above.
- Left costal cartilage
- Costal cartilage of the thoracic cage, left side. Costal cartilages connect ribs to the sternum or to the cartilage above.
- Right twelfth rib
- A floating rib: the lowest rib, with no anterior attachment. Source: 7.4 The Thoracic Cage (opens in a new tab)
- Left twelfth rib
- A floating rib: the lowest rib, with no anterior attachment. Source: 7.4 The Thoracic Cage (opens in a new tab)
Shoulder girdle (4)
The clavicle and scapula on each side, which attach the upper limb to the trunk.
- Left clavicle
- The collarbone. It acts as a strut between the sternum and the scapula and is the only bony connection between the upper limb and the axial skeleton. Source: 8.1 The Pectoral Girdle (opens in a new tab)
- Right clavicle
- The collarbone. It acts as a strut between the sternum and the scapula and is the only bony connection between the upper limb and the axial skeleton. Source: 8.1 The Pectoral Girdle (opens in a new tab)
- Right scapula
- The shoulder blade. Its shallow glenoid cavity forms the shoulder joint with the head of the humerus. Source: 8.1 The Pectoral Girdle (opens in a new tab)
- Left scapula
- The shoulder blade. Its shallow glenoid cavity forms the shoulder joint with the head of the humerus. Source: 8.1 The Pectoral Girdle (opens in a new tab)
Upper limb (60)
Humerus, radius and ulna, with the carpal bones, metacarpals and phalanges of the hand.
- Left humerus
- The single bone of the arm, from the shoulder to the elbow. Source: 8.2 Bones of the Upper Limb (opens in a new tab)
- Right humerus
- The single bone of the arm, from the shoulder to the elbow. Source: 8.2 Bones of the Upper Limb (opens in a new tab)
- Right ulna
- The medial bone of the forearm, on the little-finger side. It forms the main hinge of the elbow with the humerus. Source: 8.2 Bones of the Upper Limb (opens in a new tab)
- Left ulna
- The medial bone of the forearm, on the little-finger side. It forms the main hinge of the elbow with the humerus. Source: 8.2 Bones of the Upper Limb (opens in a new tab)
- Left radius
- The lateral bone of the forearm, on the thumb side when the palm faces forward. Source: 8.2 Bones of the Upper Limb (opens in a new tab)
- Right radius
- The lateral bone of the forearm, on the thumb side when the palm faces forward. Source: 8.2 Bones of the Upper Limb (opens in a new tab)
- Left scaphoid
- One of the eight carpal (wrist) bones, in the proximal row on the thumb side. Source: 8.2 Bones of the Upper Limb (opens in a new tab)
- Right scaphoid
- One of the eight carpal (wrist) bones, in the proximal row on the thumb side. Source: 8.2 Bones of the Upper Limb (opens in a new tab)
- Right lunate
- Bone of the upper limb, right side. Part of the appendicular skeleton.
- Left lunate
- Bone of the upper limb, left side. Part of the appendicular skeleton.
- Left trapezium
- Bone of the upper limb, left side. Part of the appendicular skeleton.
- Left triquetral
- Bone of the upper limb, left side. Part of the appendicular skeleton.
- Right trapezium
- Bone of the upper limb, right side. Part of the appendicular skeleton.
- Right triquetral
- Bone of the upper limb, right side. Part of the appendicular skeleton.
- Left pisiform
- A small, pea-shaped carpal bone in the proximal row on the little-finger side. Source: 8.2 Bones of the Upper Limb (opens in a new tab)
- Right pisiform
- A small, pea-shaped carpal bone in the proximal row on the little-finger side. Source: 8.2 Bones of the Upper Limb (opens in a new tab)
- Left capitate
- Bone of the upper limb, left side. Part of the appendicular skeleton.
- Right capitate
- Bone of the upper limb, right side. Part of the appendicular skeleton.
- Left hamate
- Bone of the upper limb, left side. Part of the appendicular skeleton.
- Right hamate
- Bone of the upper limb, right side. Part of the appendicular skeleton.
- Left trapezoid
- Bone of the upper limb, left side. Part of the appendicular skeleton.
- Right trapezoid
- Bone of the upper limb, right side. Part of the appendicular skeleton.
- Left first metacarpal bone
- Bone of the upper limb, left side. Part of the appendicular skeleton.
- Right first metacarpal bone
- Bone of the upper limb, right side. Part of the appendicular skeleton.
- Left fifth metacarpal bone
- Bone of the upper limb, left side. Part of the appendicular skeleton.
- Right fifth metacarpal bone
- Bone of the upper limb, right side. Part of the appendicular skeleton.
- Left fourth metacarpal bone
- Bone of the upper limb, left side. Part of the appendicular skeleton.
- Right fourth metacarpal bone
- Bone of the upper limb, right side. Part of the appendicular skeleton.
- Left second metacarpal bone
- Bone of the upper limb, left side. Part of the appendicular skeleton.
- Right third metacarpal bone
- Bone of the upper limb, right side. Part of the appendicular skeleton.
- Left third metacarpal bone
- Bone of the upper limb, left side. Part of the appendicular skeleton.
- Right second metacarpal bone
- Bone of the upper limb, right side. Part of the appendicular skeleton.
- Proximal phalanx of left thumb
- Bone of the upper limb, left side. Part of the appendicular skeleton.
- Proximal phalanx of right thumb
- Bone of the upper limb, right side. Part of the appendicular skeleton.
- Distal phalanx of left thumb
- Bone of the upper limb, left side. Part of the appendicular skeleton.
- Distal phalanx of right thumb
- Bone of the upper limb, right side. Part of the appendicular skeleton.
- Proximal phalanx of left little finger
- Bone of the upper limb, left side. Part of the appendicular skeleton.
- Proximal phalanx of right little finger
- Bone of the upper limb, right side. Part of the appendicular skeleton.
- Proximal phalanx of left ring finger
- Bone of the upper limb, left side. Part of the appendicular skeleton.
- Proximal phalanx of right ring finger
- Bone of the upper limb, right side. Part of the appendicular skeleton.
- Proximal phalanx of left middle finger
- Bone of the upper limb, left side. Part of the appendicular skeleton.
- Proximal phalanx of right middle finger
- Bone of the upper limb, right side. Part of the appendicular skeleton.
- Proximal phalanx of left index finger
- Bone of the upper limb, left side. Part of the appendicular skeleton.
- Proximal phalanx of right index finger
- Bone of the upper limb, right side. Part of the appendicular skeleton.
- Middle phalanx of right little finger
- Bone of the upper limb, right side. Part of the appendicular skeleton.
- Middle phalanx of left little finger
- Bone of the upper limb, left side. Part of the appendicular skeleton.
- Distal phalanx of left little finger
- Bone of the upper limb, left side. Part of the appendicular skeleton.
- Distal phalanx of right little finger
- Bone of the upper limb, right side. Part of the appendicular skeleton.
- Middle phalanx of left ring finger
- Bone of the upper limb, left side. Part of the appendicular skeleton.
- Middle phalanx of right ring finger
- Bone of the upper limb, right side. Part of the appendicular skeleton.
- Middle phalanx of left index finger
- Bone of the upper limb, left side. Part of the appendicular skeleton.
- Middle phalanx of right index finger
- Bone of the upper limb, right side. Part of the appendicular skeleton.
- Middle phalanx of left middle finger
- Bone of the upper limb, left side. Part of the appendicular skeleton.
- Middle phalanx of right middle finger
- Bone of the upper limb, right side. Part of the appendicular skeleton.
- Distal phalanx of left ring finger
- Bone of the upper limb, left side. Part of the appendicular skeleton.
- Distal phalanx of right ring finger
- Bone of the upper limb, right side. Part of the appendicular skeleton.
- Distal phalanx of right index finger
- Bone of the upper limb, right side. Part of the appendicular skeleton.
- Distal phalanx of left index finger
- Bone of the upper limb, left side. Part of the appendicular skeleton.
- Distal phalanx of right middle finger
- Bone of the upper limb, right side. Part of the appendicular skeleton.
- Distal phalanx of left middle finger
- Bone of the upper limb, left side. Part of the appendicular skeleton.
Pelvic girdle (2)
The two hip bones, which attach the lower limbs to the axial skeleton through the sacrum.
- Left hip bone
- Formed by the fusion of three bones: the ilium, ischium and pubis. With the sacrum and coccyx, the two hip bones form the pelvis. Source: 8.3 The Pelvic Girdle and Pelvis (opens in a new tab)
- Right hip bone
- Formed by the fusion of three bones: the ilium, ischium and pubis. With the sacrum and coccyx, the two hip bones form the pelvis. Source: 8.3 The Pelvic Girdle and Pelvis (opens in a new tab)
Lower limb (62)
Femur, patella, tibia and fibula, with the tarsal bones, metatarsals and phalanges of the foot.
- Right femur
- The thigh bone, the longest and heaviest bone in the body. It forms the hip joint with the hip bone and the knee joint with the tibia. Source: 8.4 Bones of the Lower Limb (opens in a new tab)
- Left femur
- The thigh bone, the longest and heaviest bone in the body. It forms the hip joint with the hip bone and the knee joint with the tibia. Source: 8.4 Bones of the Lower Limb (opens in a new tab)
- Left patella
- The kneecap, a sesamoid bone that develops within the tendon of the quadriceps femoris and protects the front of the knee joint. Source: 8.4 Bones of the Lower Limb (opens in a new tab)
- Right patella
- The kneecap, a sesamoid bone that develops within the tendon of the quadriceps femoris and protects the front of the knee joint. Source: 8.4 Bones of the Lower Limb (opens in a new tab)
- Right tibia
- The shin bone: the larger, medial and main weight-bearing bone of the leg. Source: 8.4 Bones of the Lower Limb (opens in a new tab)
- Left tibia
- The shin bone: the larger, medial and main weight-bearing bone of the leg. Source: 8.4 Bones of the Lower Limb (opens in a new tab)
- Left fibula
- The slender lateral bone of the leg. It carries little body weight; its lower end forms the lateral bony prominence at the ankle. Source: 8.4 Bones of the Lower Limb (opens in a new tab)
- Right fibula
- The slender lateral bone of the leg. It carries little body weight; its lower end forms the lateral bony prominence at the ankle. Source: 8.4 Bones of the Lower Limb (opens in a new tab)
- Left talus
- The tarsal bone that articulates with the tibia and fibula to form the ankle joint. Source: 8.4 Bones of the Lower Limb (opens in a new tab)
- Right talus
- The tarsal bone that articulates with the tibia and fibula to form the ankle joint. Source: 8.4 Bones of the Lower Limb (opens in a new tab)
- Navicular bone of right foot
- Bone of the lower limb, right side. Part of the appendicular skeleton.
- Navicular bone of left foot
- Bone of the lower limb, left side. Part of the appendicular skeleton.
- Left intermediate cuneiform bone
- Bone of the lower limb, left side. Part of the appendicular skeleton.
- Right intermediate cuneiform bone
- Bone of the lower limb, right side. Part of the appendicular skeleton.
- Left lateral cuneiform bone
- Bone of the lower limb, left side. Part of the appendicular skeleton.
- Right lateral cuneiform bone
- Bone of the lower limb, right side. Part of the appendicular skeleton.
- Right medial cuneiform bone
- Bone of the lower limb, right side. Part of the appendicular skeleton.
- Left medial cuneiform bone
- Bone of the lower limb, left side. Part of the appendicular skeleton.
- Right cuboid bone
- Bone of the lower limb, right side. Part of the appendicular skeleton.
- Left cuboid bone
- Bone of the lower limb, left side. Part of the appendicular skeleton.
- Left second metatarsal bone
- Bone of the lower limb, left side. Part of the appendicular skeleton.
- Right second metatarsal bone
- Bone of the lower limb, right side. Part of the appendicular skeleton.
- Left first metatarsal bone
- Bone of the lower limb, left side. Part of the appendicular skeleton.
- Right first metatarsal bone
- Bone of the lower limb, right side. Part of the appendicular skeleton.
- Left calcaneus
- The heel bone, the largest tarsal bone, which carries body weight to the ground at the back of the foot. Source: 8.4 Bones of the Lower Limb (opens in a new tab)
- Right calcaneus
- The heel bone, the largest tarsal bone, which carries body weight to the ground at the back of the foot. Source: 8.4 Bones of the Lower Limb (opens in a new tab)
- Left third metatarsal bone
- Bone of the lower limb, left side. Part of the appendicular skeleton.
- Right third metatarsal bone
- Bone of the lower limb, right side. Part of the appendicular skeleton.
- Left fourth metatarsal bone
- Bone of the lower limb, left side. Part of the appendicular skeleton.
- Right fourth metatarsal bone
- Bone of the lower limb, right side. Part of the appendicular skeleton.
- Left fifth metatarsal bone
- Bone of the lower limb, left side. Part of the appendicular skeleton.
- Right fifth metatarsal bone
- Bone of the lower limb, right side. Part of the appendicular skeleton.
- Proximal phalanx of left big toe
- Bone of the lower limb, left side. Part of the appendicular skeleton.
- Proximal phalanx of right big toe
- Bone of the lower limb, right side. Part of the appendicular skeleton.
- Proximal phalanx of left second toe
- Bone of the lower limb, left side. Part of the appendicular skeleton.
- Proximal phalanx of right second toe
- Bone of the lower limb, right side. Part of the appendicular skeleton.
- Proximal phalanx of left third toe
- Bone of the lower limb, left side. Part of the appendicular skeleton.
- Proximal phalanx of right third toe
- Bone of the lower limb, right side. Part of the appendicular skeleton.
- Proximal phalanx of left fourth toe
- Bone of the lower limb, left side. Part of the appendicular skeleton.
- Proximal phalanx of right fourth toe
- Bone of the lower limb, right side. Part of the appendicular skeleton.
- Middle phalanx of left second toe
- Bone of the lower limb, left side. Part of the appendicular skeleton.
- Middle phalanx of right second toe
- Bone of the lower limb, right side. Part of the appendicular skeleton.
- Distal phalanx of right big toe
- Bone of the lower limb, right side. Part of the appendicular skeleton.
- Distal phalanx of left big toe
- Bone of the lower limb, left side. Part of the appendicular skeleton.
- Middle phalanx of left third toe
- Bone of the lower limb, left side. Part of the appendicular skeleton.
- Middle phalanx of right third toe
- Bone of the lower limb, right side. Part of the appendicular skeleton.
- Proximal phalanx of left little toe
- Bone of the lower limb, left side. Part of the appendicular skeleton.
- Proximal phalanx of right little toe
- Bone of the lower limb, right side. Part of the appendicular skeleton.
- Sesamoid bone of left foot
- Bone of the lower limb, left side. Part of the appendicular skeleton.
- Sesamoid bone of right foot
- Bone of the lower limb, right side. Part of the appendicular skeleton.
- Middle phalanx of right fourth toe
- Bone of the lower limb, right side. Part of the appendicular skeleton.
- Middle phalanx of left fourth toe
- Bone of the lower limb, left side. Part of the appendicular skeleton.
- Distal phalanx of left second toe
- Bone of the lower limb, left side. Part of the appendicular skeleton.
- Distal phalanx of right second toe
- Bone of the lower limb, right side. Part of the appendicular skeleton.
- Distal phalanx of left fourth toe
- Bone of the lower limb, left side. Part of the appendicular skeleton.
- Distal phalanx of right fourth toe
- Bone of the lower limb, right side. Part of the appendicular skeleton.
- Middle phalanx of left little toe
- Bone of the lower limb, left side. Part of the appendicular skeleton.
- Middle phalanx of right little toe
- Bone of the lower limb, right side. Part of the appendicular skeleton.
- Distal phalanx of left third toe
- Bone of the lower limb, left side. Part of the appendicular skeleton.
- Distal phalanx of right third toe
- Bone of the lower limb, right side. Part of the appendicular skeleton.
- Distal phalanx of right little toe
- Bone of the lower limb, right side. Part of the appendicular skeleton.
- Distal phalanx of left little toe
- Bone of the lower limb, left side. Part of the appendicular skeleton.
Heart & great vessels
The heart pumps blood through two circuits: the pulmonary circuit to the lungs and the systemic circuit to the rest of the body. The great vessels carry blood to and from the heart.
In this model: The heart wall as a single mesh, the tricuspid, mitral and pulmonary valves, coronary arteries and cardiac veins, and the major vessels near the heart. Individual chambers, the aortic valve and the superior vena cava are not separate structures in the source data.
Further reading: 19.1 Heart Anatomy (opens in a new tab), 20.5 Circulatory Pathways (opens in a new tab)
Heart (4)
The heart wall and three of its four valves, as modelled in the source data.
- Pulmonary valve
- Guards the exit from the right ventricle into the pulmonary trunk. Source: 19.1 Heart Anatomy (opens in a new tab)
- Wall of heart
- The heart as modelled in the source: a single surface representing the heart wall. The four chambers are not separate structures in this model. Source: 19.1 Heart Anatomy (opens in a new tab)
- Mitral valve
- Also called the bicuspid valve: the valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle. Source: 19.1 Heart Anatomy (opens in a new tab)
- Tricuspid valve
- The valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle. It prevents backflow into the atrium when the ventricle contracts. Source: 19.1 Heart Anatomy (opens in a new tab)
Coronary vessels (10)
Arteries that supply the heart muscle and veins that drain it.
- Stem of left coronary artery
- Part of the heart & great vessels group (coronary vessels), left side.
- Trunk of right coronary artery
- Part of the heart & great vessels group (coronary vessels), right side.
- Set of interventricular septal branches of left coronary artery
- Part of the heart & great vessels group (coronary vessels), left side.
- Circumflex branch of left coronary artery
- Part of the heart & great vessels group (coronary vessels), left side.
- Marginal branch of right coronary artery
- Part of the heart & great vessels group (coronary vessels), right side.
- Great cardiac vein
- A cardiac vein that drains blood from the heart wall into the coronary sinus. Source: 19.1 Heart Anatomy (opens in a new tab)
- Coronary sinus
- Collects venous blood from the heart wall and empties it into the right atrium. Source: 19.1 Heart Anatomy (opens in a new tab)
- Middle cardiac vein
- Part of the heart & great vessels group (coronary vessels).
- Set of interventricular septal branches of right coronary artery
- Part of the heart & great vessels group (coronary vessels), right side.
- Right posterolateral branch of right coronary artery
- Part of the heart & great vessels group (coronary vessels), right side.
Great vessels (17)
Large arteries and veins entering and leaving the heart, and their first branches.
- Right internal jugular vein
- Part of the heart & great vessels group (great vessels), right side.
- Left internal jugular vein
- Part of the heart & great vessels group (great vessels), left side.
- Right common carotid artery
- Part of the heart & great vessels group (great vessels), right side.
- Right subclavian artery
- Part of the heart & great vessels group (great vessels), right side.
- Left common carotid artery
- Part of the heart & great vessels group (great vessels), left side.
- Right subclavian vein
- Part of the heart & great vessels group (great vessels), right side.
- Left subclavian vein
- Part of the heart & great vessels group (great vessels), left side.
- Left subclavian artery
- Part of the heart & great vessels group (great vessels), left side.
- Right brachiocephalic vein
- Part of the heart & great vessels group (great vessels), right side.
- Brachiocephalic artery
- Part of the heart & great vessels group (great vessels).
- Left brachiocephalic vein
- Part of the heart & great vessels group (great vessels), left side.
- Arch of aorta
- The curve of the aorta above the heart, which gives rise to the arteries supplying the head, neck and upper limbs. Source: 20.5 Circulatory Pathways (opens in a new tab)
- Ascending aorta
- The first part of the aorta, leaving the left ventricle. The coronary arteries branch from its base. Source: 20.5 Circulatory Pathways (opens in a new tab)
- Pulmonary artery
- Carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs. Source: 20.5 Circulatory Pathways (opens in a new tab)
- Pulmonary vein
- The pulmonary veins return oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium. Shown here as one combined structure. Source: 20.5 Circulatory Pathways (opens in a new tab)
- Descending aorta
- The part of the aorta that runs down through the thorax, behind the heart, towards the abdomen. Source: 20.5 Circulatory Pathways (opens in a new tab)
- Inferior vena cava
- The large vein returning blood from the lower body to the right atrium. Source: 20.5 Circulatory Pathways (opens in a new tab)
Respiratory
The airways conduct air to the lungs, where gas exchange takes place between air in the alveoli and blood in the surrounding capillaries.
In this model: The five lung lobes (three right, two left), the trachea, the bronchial tree as a single mesh, and the thyroid cartilage of the larynx.
Further reading: 22.1 Organs and Structures of the Respiratory System (opens in a new tab), 22.2 The Lungs (opens in a new tab)
Airways (3)
The trachea and bronchial tree conduct air; the thyroid cartilage is part of the larynx.
- Thyroid cartilage
- The largest cartilage of the larynx, which forms the laryngeal prominence at the front of the neck. Source: 22.1 Organs and Structures of the Respiratory System (opens in a new tab)
- Trachea
- The windpipe, held open by C-shaped rings of cartilage. It divides into the right and left main bronchi. Source: 22.1 Organs and Structures of the Respiratory System (opens in a new tab)
- Bronchus
- The branching airways of the bronchial tree, shown here as one combined structure. Source: 22.1 Organs and Structures of the Respiratory System (opens in a new tab)
Lungs (5)
The right lung has three lobes and the left lung two.
- Upper lobe of right lung
- Each lung has an upper lobe. The right lung has three lobes and the left lung two. Source: 22.2 The Lungs (opens in a new tab)
- Upper lobe of left lung
- Each lung has an upper lobe. The right lung has three lobes and the left lung two. Source: 22.2 The Lungs (opens in a new tab)
- Middle lobe of lung
- Found only in the right lung, between its upper and lower lobes. Source: 22.2 The Lungs (opens in a new tab)
- Lower lobe of left lung
- The lowest lobe of each lung, resting on the diaphragm. Source: 22.2 The Lungs (opens in a new tab)
- Lower lobe of right lung
- The lowest lobe of each lung, resting on the diaphragm. Source: 22.2 The Lungs (opens in a new tab)
Digestive
The alimentary canal runs from mouth to anus, breaking food down and absorbing nutrients. The liver, gallbladder and pancreas support digestion by producing, storing or delivering secretions.
In this model: Oesophagus, stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, colon, appendix and rectum, with the liver, gallbladder, pancreas and pancreatic duct. The mouth, pharynx and spleen are not included in this release.
Further reading: 23.1 Overview of the Digestive System (opens in a new tab), 23.6 Accessory Organs in Digestion: The Liver, Pancreas, and Gallbladder (opens in a new tab)
Alimentary canal (8)
The continuous tube of the digestive tract, shown here from the oesophagus to the rectum.
- Esophagus
- The muscular tube that carries swallowed food from the pharynx to the stomach. Source: 23.3 The Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus (opens in a new tab)
- Stomach
- A J-shaped expansion of the alimentary canal that stores food and mixes it with gastric secretions. Source: 23.4 The Stomach (opens in a new tab)
- Duodenum
- The first and shortest part of the small intestine. It receives bile and pancreatic juice. Source: 23.5 The Small and Large Intestines (opens in a new tab)
- Jejunum
- The middle part of the small intestine, between the duodenum and the ileum. Source: 23.5 The Small and Large Intestines (opens in a new tab)
- Colon
- The main part of the large intestine, where water is absorbed and faeces are formed. Source: 23.5 The Small and Large Intestines (opens in a new tab)
- Appendix
- A narrow, closed tube attached to the start of the large intestine. Source: 23.5 The Small and Large Intestines (opens in a new tab)
- Ileum
- The last and longest part of the small intestine, which joins the large intestine. Source: 23.5 The Small and Large Intestines (opens in a new tab)
- Rectum
- The final straight portion of the large intestine before the anal canal. Source: 23.5 The Small and Large Intestines (opens in a new tab)
Liver, gallbladder and pancreas (4)
Accessory digestive organs that make, store or deliver digestive secretions.
- Liver
- The largest gland in the body. Among many functions, it produces bile. Source: 23.6 Accessory Organs in Digestion: The Liver, Pancreas, and Gallbladder (opens in a new tab)
- Gallbladder
- A small sac under the liver that stores and concentrates bile. Source: 23.6 Accessory Organs in Digestion: The Liver, Pancreas, and Gallbladder (opens in a new tab)
- Pancreatic duct
- Part of the digestive group (liver, gallbladder and pancreas).
- Pancreas
- A gland behind the stomach with both digestive (exocrine) and hormonal (endocrine) roles. Source: 23.6 Accessory Organs in Digestion: The Liver, Pancreas, and Gallbladder (opens in a new tab)
Urinary
The kidneys filter blood and produce urine, which flows through the ureters to the urinary bladder for storage and leaves the body through the urethra.
In this model: Both kidneys, both ureters, the urinary bladder and the urethra.
Further reading: 25.3 Gross Anatomy of the Kidney (opens in a new tab), 25.2 Gross Anatomy of Urine Transport (opens in a new tab)
Urinary tract (6)
The organs that produce, carry, store and remove urine.
- Left kidney
- A bean-shaped organ on the posterior abdominal wall that filters blood and produces urine. Source: 25.3 Gross Anatomy of the Kidney (opens in a new tab)
- Right kidney
- A bean-shaped organ on the posterior abdominal wall that filters blood and produces urine. Source: 25.3 Gross Anatomy of the Kidney (opens in a new tab)
- Left ureter
- A muscular tube carrying urine from a kidney to the urinary bladder. Source: 25.2 Gross Anatomy of Urine Transport (opens in a new tab)
- Right ureter
- A muscular tube carrying urine from a kidney to the urinary bladder. Source: 25.2 Gross Anatomy of Urine Transport (opens in a new tab)
- Urinary bladder
- A hollow, muscular organ that stores urine. Source: 25.2 Gross Anatomy of Urine Transport (opens in a new tab)
- Urethra
- The tube that carries urine from the bladder out of the body. Source: 25.2 Gross Anatomy of Urine Transport (opens in a new tab)
Brain (selected)
A selection of brain structures: the brainstem and cerebellum, the fluid-filled ventricles, deep structures such as the thalamus and basal nuclei, and the start of the visual pathway.
In this model: Brainstem, cerebellum, ventricles, corpus callosum, thalamus, hippocampus, putamen, globus pallidus, amygdala, pituitary and pineal glands, optic nerves and chiasm. The cerebral cortex is deliberately left out: the source contains only scattered gyri, which would give a misleading picture of the brain.
Further reading: 13.2 The Central Nervous System (opens in a new tab), 13.3 Circulation and the Central Nervous System (opens in a new tab)
Brainstem and cerebellum (5)
The brainstem connects the brain with the spinal cord; the cerebellum helps coordinate movement and balance.
- Peduncle of midbrain
- Part of the brain group (brainstem and cerebellum).
- Midbrain
- The upper part of the brainstem, above the pons. Source: 13.2 The Central Nervous System (opens in a new tab)
- Pons
- Part of the brainstem between the midbrain and the medulla oblongata. Source: 13.2 The Central Nervous System (opens in a new tab)
- Cerebellum
- Lies behind the brainstem and helps coordinate movement, posture and balance. Source: 13.2 The Central Nervous System (opens in a new tab)
- Medulla oblongata
- The lowest part of the brainstem, continuous with the spinal cord. It contains centres involved in breathing and cardiovascular control. Source: 13.2 The Central Nervous System (opens in a new tab)
Deep brain structures (18)
Structures lying deep within the brain, including relay, memory and movement-related nuclei.
- Corpus callosum
- A broad band of nerve fibres connecting the left and right cerebral hemispheres. Source: 13.2 The Central Nervous System (opens in a new tab)
- Septum pellucidum
- Part of the brain group (deep brain structures).
- Left putamen
- One of the basal nuclei, which take part in the control of movement. Source: 13.2 The Central Nervous System (opens in a new tab)
- Right putamen
- One of the basal nuclei, which take part in the control of movement. Source: 13.2 The Central Nervous System (opens in a new tab)
- Left globus pallidus
- One of the basal nuclei, lying medial to the putamen. Source: 13.2 The Central Nervous System (opens in a new tab)
- Right globus pallidus
- One of the basal nuclei, lying medial to the putamen. Source: 13.2 The Central Nervous System (opens in a new tab)
- Left thalamus
- A paired structure that relays and processes information passing to the cerebral cortex. Source: 13.2 The Central Nervous System (opens in a new tab)
- Right thalamus
- A paired structure that relays and processes information passing to the cerebral cortex. Source: 13.2 The Central Nervous System (opens in a new tab)
- Left fornix of forebrain
- Part of the brain group (deep brain structures), left side.
- Right fornix of forebrain
- Part of the brain group (deep brain structures), right side.
- Pineal body
- Part of the brain group (deep brain structures).
- Hypothalamus
- Part of the brain group (deep brain structures).
- Mammillary body
- Part of the brain group (deep brain structures).
- Left hippocampus
- A curved structure in the temporal lobe that is important for forming memories. Source: 13.2 The Central Nervous System (opens in a new tab)
- Right hippocampus
- A curved structure in the temporal lobe that is important for forming memories. Source: 13.2 The Central Nervous System (opens in a new tab)
- Left amygdala
- Part of the brain group (deep brain structures), left side.
- Right amygdala
- Part of the brain group (deep brain structures), right side.
- Pituitary gland
- A small endocrine gland attached to the base of the brain below the hypothalamus. Source: 13.2 The Central Nervous System (opens in a new tab)
Ventricles (5)
Connected cavities in the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid.
- Left lateral ventricle
- The large cavity within each cerebral hemisphere, containing cerebrospinal fluid. Source: 13.3 Circulation and the Central Nervous System (opens in a new tab)
- Right lateral ventricle
- The large cavity within each cerebral hemisphere, containing cerebrospinal fluid. Source: 13.3 Circulation and the Central Nervous System (opens in a new tab)
- Third ventricle
- A narrow midline cavity between the left and right halves of the diencephalon. Source: 13.3 Circulation and the Central Nervous System (opens in a new tab)
- Cerebral aqueduct
- The narrow channel through the midbrain that connects the third and fourth ventricles. Source: 13.3 Circulation and the Central Nervous System (opens in a new tab)
- Fourth ventricle
- The cavity between the brainstem and the cerebellum. It connects above with the cerebral aqueduct. Source: 13.3 Circulation and the Central Nervous System (opens in a new tab)
Visual pathway (3)
The optic nerves and the optic chiasm, where fibres from the nasal half of each retina cross.
- Optic chiasm
- The point where the optic nerves meet and fibres from the nasal half of each retina cross to the opposite side. Source: 13.2 The Central Nervous System (opens in a new tab)
- Left optic nerve
- Carries visual information from the retina towards the brain. Source: 13.2 The Central Nervous System (opens in a new tab)
- Right optic nerve
- Carries visual information from the retina towards the brain. Source: 13.2 The Central Nervous System (opens in a new tab)